经济、社会及文化权利国际公约
（联合国大会1966年12月16日通过）
序 言
本公约缔约各国，考虑到，按照联合国宪章所宣布的原则，对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础，确认这些权利是源于人身的固有尊严，确认，按照世界人权宣言，只有在创造了使人可以享有其经济、社会及文化权利，正如享有其公民和政治权利一样的条件的情况下，才能实现自由人类享有免于恐惧和匮乏的自由的理想。
考虑到各国根据联合国宪章负有义务促进对人的权利和自由的普通尊重和遵行，认识到个人对其他个人和对他所属的社会负有义务，应为促进和遵行本公约所承认的权利而努力，兹同意下述各条：
第一部分
第一条
一、所有人民都有自决权。他们凭这种权利自由决定他们的政治地位，并自由谋求他们的经济、社会和文化的发展。
二、所有人民得为他们自己的目的自由处置他们的天然财富和资源，而不损害根据基于互利原则的国际经济合作和国际法而产生的任何义务。在任何情况下不得剥夺一个人民自己的生存手段。
三、本公约缔约各国，包括那些负责管理非自治领土和托管领土的国家，应在符合联合国宪章规定的条件下，促进自决权的实现，并尊重这种权利。
第二部分
第二条
一、每一缔约国家承担尽最大能力个别采取步骤或经由国际援助和合作，特别是经济和技术方面的援助和合作，采取步骤，以便用一切适当方法，尤其包括用立法方法，逐渐达到本公约中所承认的权利的充分实现。
二、本公约缔约各国承担保证，本公约所宣布的权利应予普遍行使，而不得有例如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身分等任何区分。
三、发展中国家，在适当顾到人权及它们的民族经济的情况下，得决定它们对非本国国民的享受本公约中所承认的经济权利，给予什么程度的保证。
第三条
本公约缔约各国承担保证男子和妇女在本公约所载一切经济、社会及文化权利方面有平等的权利。
第四条
本公约缔约各国承认，在对各国依据本公约而规定的这些权利的享有方面，国家对此等权利只能加以限制同这些权利的性质不相违背而且只是为了促进民主社会中的总的福利的目的的法律所确定的限制。
第五条
一、本公约中任何部分不得解释为隐示任何国家、团体或个人有权利从事于任何旨在破坏本公约所承认的任何权利或自由或对它们加以较本公约所规定的范围更广的限制的活动或行为。
二、对于任何国家中依据法律、惯例、条例或习惯而被承认或存在的任何基本人权，不得借口本公约未予承认或只在较小范围上予以承认而予以限制或克减。
第三部分
第六条
一、本公约缔约各国承认工作权，包括人人应有机会凭其自由选择和接受的工作来谋生的权利，并将采取适当步骤来保障这一权利。
二、本公约缔约各国为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括技术的和职业的指导和训练，以及在保障个人基本政治和经济自由的条件下达到稳定的经济、社会和文化的发展和充分的生产就业的计划、政策和技术。
第七条
本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享受公正或良好的工作条件，特别要保证：
（甲）最低限度给予所有工人以下列报酬：
（１）公平的工资和同值工作同酬而没有任何歧视，特别是保证妇女享受不差于男子所享受的工作条件，并享受同工同酬；
（２）保证他们自己和他们的家庭得有符合本公约规定的过得去的生活；
（乙）安全和卫生的工作条件；
（丙）人人在其行业中适当的提级的同等机会，除资历和能力的考虑外，不受其他考虑的限制；
（丁）休息、闲暇和工作时间的合理限制，定期给薪休假以及公共假日报酬。
第八条
一、本公约缔约各国承担保证：
（甲）人人有权组织工会和参加他所选择的工会，以促进和保护他的经济和社会利益；这个权利只受有关工会的规章的限制。对这一权利的行使，不得加以除法律所规定及在民主社会中为了国家安全或公共秩序的利益或为保护他人的权利和自由所需要的限制以外的任何限制；
（乙）工会有权建立全国性的协会或联合会，有权组织或参加国际工会组织；
（丙）工会有权自由地进行工作，不受除法律所规定及在民主社会中为了国家安全或公共秩序的利益或为保护他人的权利和自由所需要的限制以外的任何限制；
（丁）有权罢工，但应按照各个国家的法律行使此项权利。
二、本条不应禁止对军队或警察或国家行政机关成员的行使这些权利，加以合法的限制。
三、本条并不授权参加一九四八条关于结社自由及保护组织权国际劳工公约的缔约国采取足以损害该公约中所规定的保证的立法措施，或在应用法律时损害这种保证。
第九条
本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享受社会保障，包括社会保险。
第十条
本公约缔约各国承认：
一、对作为社会的自然和基本的单元的家庭，特别是对于它的建立和当它负责照顾和教育未独立的儿童时，应给予尽可能广泛的保护和协助。缔婚必须经男女双方自由同意。
二、对母亲，在产前和产后的合理期间，应给以特别保护。在此期间，对有工作的母亲应给以给薪休假或有适当社会保障福利金的休假。
三、应为一切儿童和少年采取特殊的保护和协助措施，不得因出身或其他条件而有任何歧视。儿童和少年应予保护免受经济和社会的剥削。雇佣他们做对他们的道德或健康有害或对生命有危险的工作或做足以妨害他们正常发育的工作，依法应受惩罚。各国亦应规定限定的年龄，凡雇佣这个年龄以下的童工，应予禁止和依法应受惩罚。
第十一条
一、本公约缔约各国承认人人有权为他自己和家庭获得相当的生活水准，包括足够的食物、衣着和住房，并能不断改进生活条件。各缔约国将采取适当的步骤保证实现这一权利，并承认为此而实行基于自愿同意的国际合作的重要性。
二、本公约缔约各国既确认人人享有免于饥饿的基本权利，应为下列目的，个别采取必要的措施或经由国际合作采取必要的措施，包括具体的计划在内：
（甲）用充分利用科技知识、传播营养原则的知识、和发展或改革土地制度以使天然资源得到最有效的开发和利用等方法，改进粮食的生产、保存及分配方法；
（乙）在顾到粮食入口国家和粮食出口国家的问题的情况下，保证世界粮食供应，会按照需要，公平分配。
第十二条
一、本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享有能达到的最高的体质和心理健康的标准。
二、本公约缔约各国为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括为达到下列目标所需的步骤：
（甲）减低死胎率和婴儿死亡率，和使儿童得到健康的发育；
（乙）改善环境卫生和工业卫生的各个方面；
（丙）预防、治疗和控制传染病、风土病、职业病以及其他的疾病；
（丁）创造保证人人在患病时能得到医疗照顾的条件。
第十三条
一、本公约缔约各国承认，人人有受教育的权利。它们同意，教育应鼓励人的个性和尊严的充分发展，加强对人权和基本自由的尊重，并应使所有的人能有效地参加自由社会，促进各民族之间和各种族、人种或宗教团体之间的了解、容忍和友谊，和促进联合国维护和平的各项活动。
二、本公约缔约各国认为，为了充分实现这一权利起见：
（甲）初等教育应属义务性质并一律免费；
（乙）各种形式的中等教育，包括中等技术和职业教育，应以一切适当方法，普遍设立，并对一切人开放，特别要逐渐做到免费；
（丙）高等教育应根据成绩，以一切适当方法，对一切人平等开放，特别要逐渐做到免费；
（丁）对那些未受到或未完成初等教育的人的基础教育，应尽可能加以鼓励或推进；
（戊）各级学校的制度，应积极加以发展；适当的奖学金制度，应予设置；教员的物质条件，应不断加以改善。
三、本公约缔约各国承担，尊重父母和（如适用时）法定监护人的下列自由：为他们的孩子选择非公立的但系符合于国家所可能规定或批准的最低教育标准的学校，并保证他们的孩子能按照他们自己的信仰接受宗教和道德教育。
四、本条的任何部分不得解释为干涉个人或团体设立及管理教育机构的自由，但以遵守本条第一款所述各项原则及此等机构实施的教育必须符合于国家所可能规定的最低标准为限。
第十四条
本公约任何缔约国在参加本公约时尚未能在其宗主领土或其他在其管辖下的领土实施免费的、义务性的初等教育者，承担在两年之内制定和采取一个逐步实行的详细的行动计划，其中规定在合理的年限内实现一切人均得受免费的义务性教育的原则。
第十五条
一、本公约缔约各国承认人人有权：
（甲）参加文化生活；
（乙）享受科学进步及其应用所产生的利益；
（丙）对其本人的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神上和物质上的利益，享受被保护之利。
二、本公约缔约各国为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括为保存、发展和传播科学和文化所必需的步骤。
三、本公约缔约各国承担尊重进行科学研究和创造性活动所不可缺少的自由。
四、本公约缔约各国认识到鼓励和发展科学与文化方面的国际接触和合作的好处。
第四部分
第十六条
一、本公约缔约各国承担依照本公约这一部分提出关于在遵行本公约所承认的权利方面所采取的措施和所取得的进展的报告。
二、（甲）所有的报告应提交给联合国秘书长；联合国秘书长应将报告副本转交经济及社会理事会按照本公约的规定审议；
（乙）本公约任何缔约国，同时是一个专门机构的成员国者，其所提交的报告或其中某部分，倘若与按照该专门机构的组织法规定属于该机构职司范围的事项有关，联合国秘书长应同时将报告副本或其中的有关部分转变该专门机构。
第十七条
一、本公约缔约各国应按照经济及社会理事会在同本公约缔约各国和有关的专门机构进行咨商后，于本公约生效后一年内，所制定的计划，分期提供报告。
二、报告得指出影响履行本公约义务的程度的因素和困难。
三、凡有关的材料业经本公约任一缔约国提供给联合国或某一专门机构时，即不需要复制该项材料，而只需确切指明所提供材料的所在地即可。
第十八条
经济及社会理事会按照其根据联合国宪章在人权方面的责任，得和专门机构就专门机构向理事会报告在使本公约中属于各专门机构活动范围的规定获得遵行方面的进展作出安排。这些报告得包括它们的主管机构所采取的关于此等履行措施的决定和建议的细节。
第十九条
经济及社会理事会得将各国按照第十六条和第十七条规定提出的关于人权的报告和各专门机构按照第十八条规定提出的关于人权的报告转交人权委员会以供研究和提出一般建议或在适当时候参考。
第二十条
本公约缔约各国以及有关的专门机构得就第十九条中规定的任何一般建议或就人权委员会的任何报告中的此种一般建议或其中所提及的任何文件，向经济及社会理事会提出意见。
第二十一条
经济及社会理事会得随时和其本身的报告一起向大会提出一般性的建议以及从本公约各缔约国和各专门机构收到的关于在普遍遵行本公约所承认的权利方面所采取的措施和所取得的进展的材料的摘要。
第二十二条
经济及社会理事会得提请从事技术援助的其他联合国机构和它们的辅助机构以及有关的专门机构对本公约这一部分所提取的各种报告所引起的任何事项予以注意，这些事项可能帮助这些机构在它们各自的权限内决定是否需要采取有助于促进本公约的逐步切实履行的国际措施。
第二十三条
本公约缔约各国同意为实现本公约所承认的权利而采取的国际行动应包括签订公约、提出建议、进行技术援助、以及为磋商和研究的目的同有关政府共同召开区域会议和技术会议等方法。
第二十四条
本公约的任何部分不得解释为有损联合国宪章和各专门机构组织法中确定联合国各机构和各专门机构在本公约所涉及事项方面的责任的规定。
第二十五条
本公约中任何部分不得解释为有损所有人民充分地和自由地享受和利用他们的天然财富与资源的固有权利。
第五部分
第二十六条
一、本公约开放给联合国任何会员国或其专门机构的任何会员国、国际法院规约的任何当事国、和经联合国大会邀请为本公约缔约国的任何其他国家签字。
二、本公约须经批准。批准书应交存联合国秘书长。
三、本公约应开放给本条第一款所述的任何国家加入。
四、加入应向联合国秘书长交存加入书。
五、联合国秘书长应将每一批准书或加入书的交存通知已经签字或加入本公约的所有国家。
第二十七条
一、本公约应自第三十五件批准书或加入书交存联合国秘书长之日起三个月后生效。
二、对于在第三十五件批准书或加入书交存后批准或加入本公约的国家，本公约应自该国交存其批准书或加入书之日起三个月后生效。
第二十八条
本公约的规定应扩及联邦国家的所有部分，没有任何限制和例外。
第二十九条
一、本公约的任何缔约国均得提出对本公约的修正案，并将其提交联合国秘书长。秘书长应立即将提出的修正案转知本公约各缔约国，同时请它们通知秘书长是否赞成召开缔约国会议以审议这个提案并对它进行表决。在至少有三分之一缔约国赞成召开这一会议的情况下，秘书长应在联合国主持下召开此会议。为会议上出席并投票的多数缔约国所通过的任何修正案，应提交联合国大会批准。
二、此等修正案由联合国大会批准并为本公约缔约国的三分之二多数按照它们各自的宪法程序加以接受后，即行生效。
三、此等修正案生效时，对已加接受的各缔约国有拘束力，其他缔约国仍受本公约的条款和它们已接受的任何以前的修正案的拘束。
第三十条
除按照第二十六条第五款作出的通知外，联合国秘书长应将下列事项通知同条第一款所述的所有国家：
（甲）按照第二十六条规定所作的签字、批准和加入；
（乙）本公约按照第二十七条规定生效的日期，以及对本公约的任何修正案按照第二十九条规定生效的日期。
第三十一条
一、本公约应交存联合国档库，其中文、英文、法文、俄文、西班牙文各本同一作准。
二、联合国秘书长应将本公约的正式副本分送第二十六条所指的所有国家。
1954年，联合国人权委员会完成《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》草案，提交联大审议。经过10余年的审议，1966年12月16日，第21届联大最终通过两项公约，供各国签署、批准和加入。这两项公约先后于1976年1月3日和3月23日生效。
《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》统称“人权两公约”，与《世界人权宣言》合称“国际人权宪章”，是国际人权领域最重要的文书。
一、《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》的基本情况
《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第一次以法律形式对经济、社会及文化权利加以确认，推动了发展中国家倡导的民族自决权等集体人权的形成、发展和完善，突破了西方国家只承认个人人权，片面强调公民权利和政治权利的传统人权观的局限，反映了广大发展中国家要求同等重视两类人权的强烈呼声，是一项具有积极意义的国际人权文书。
《公约》共有31个条款。第1条规定所有人民都有自决权，有权自由决定他们的政治地位，并自由处置其天然财富和资源，谋求经济、社会及文化的发展。
第2条至第5条规定了缔约国的一般性义务，包括遵守非歧视原则和男女平等权利；尽最大能力逐步实施《公约》规定；只能加以同《公约》规定的权利性质不相违背且仅为了促进社会福利依法确定的限制；对于缔约国业已承认或存在的任何人权，不得借《公约》没有规定或规定适用范围不同予以限制或克减等。
第6条至第15条为《公约》的实质条款，具体规定了各项权利：工作权；享受公平与良好工作条件、同工同酬（特别是男女同工同酬）、晋升及带薪休假等休息权；自由组织和参加工会的权利、罢工权；享受社会保障的权利；婚姻自由、家庭权和妇女儿童权益；为自己及家庭获得相当的生活水准的权利，包括足够的食物、衣着和住房等；享有最高的体质和心理健康权利；受教育权；享受科学文化生活的权利等。
第16条至第25条主要就缔约国向联合国秘书长提交《公约》执行报告作出规定，指出报告应说明影响履行《公约》义务的因素和困难；为促进《公约》规定得以切实履行，请经社理事会对《公约》执行过程中出现的问题进行研究并提出建议，并提请联合国其他机构予以注意；《公约》的各项条款不得被曲解等。
第26条至第31条涉及《公约》的加入、生效、修改、文本等方面的规定。值得说明的是，成为《公约》缔约国有两种方式，一是签署并经批准，即先由政府代表到联合国秘书处在《公约》上签字，经履行国内批准手续后再向联合国秘书长递交批准书，表示正式加入。签署并不能使《公约》对国家产生约束力，而仅表明对《公约》的承认。《公约》对国家产生约束力只能是在交存批准书之后。二是加入，即直接向联合国秘书长交存加入书，《公约》即对该国产生约束力。国家可在上述程序中提出保留，亦可更改或撤销保留。
《公约》要求缔约国尽最大能力逐步实现《公约》规定的各项权利，而不强求一步到位，这使处于不同经济、社会发展水平的国家在履行《公约》义务时可依据各自国情制定计划。《公约》还强调，缔约国应开展国际援助与合作，特别是经济和技术方面的援助与合作，以达到《公约》规定的各项权利的充分实现。
二、经济、社会及文化权利委员会
1985年，经社理事会决定设立“经济、社会及文化权利委员会”作为《公约》监督机构，负责审议各缔约国定期提交的《公约》执行情况报告，评估缔约国执行《公约》的情况，提出改进工作的建议，形成“结论性意见”。委员会的“结论性意见”并不具有法律拘束力，但一般都受到各方重视。缔约国通常会结合本国国情，采取适当措施落实“结论性意见”，并在下次履约报告中有所反映。
委员会由18名专家组成，以个人身份任职，任期4年，可连选连任。委员会专家候选人只能由《公约》缔约国提名，由经社理事会以无记名投票方式选举产生。经社理事会成员国无论是否《公约》缔约国，均有权投票。委员会18个席位中的15个在各地区组平均分配，其余3个根据各地区组缔约国总数增加情况进行分配。2004年5月，中国候选人沈永祥当选委员会专家。2006年年底，詹道德接替沈永祥担任委员会中国专家。
委员会每年召开两次为期3周的会议，审议缔约国报告。报告先由会前工作组进行初审，然后由委员会进行正式审议，最后由委员会通过“结论性意见”。对于到期未提交报告的缔约国，委员会首先书面催询。如仍不提交，委员会将根据从“其它途径”获得的资料来审议该国的状况，并在年度报告中作出声明。由于编制履约报告费时费力，有一些国家不能按时提交报告。委员会“缺席审判”作法的合法性亦受到不少国家质疑。
委员会还可就《公约》某一具体条款或具体权利发表“一般性意见”，阐明委员会对该条款或权利的具体理解和解释。“一般性意见”主要是针对缔约国履约报告中反映出来的各国普遍存在的一些问题，以引导缔约国更好地执行《公约》，并提交符合委员会要求的履约报告。各国在撰写履约报告时，一般均将“一般性意见”作为重要参考。
三、各国加入《公约》情况
截至2006年12月底，共有包括中国在内的155个国家批准或加入了《公约》，美国、南非、老挝、巴基斯坦、伯利兹、圣多美和普林西比已签署但未批准。
在批准或加入《公约》时，一些国家根据本国利益或实际情况作了相应保留。如英国在签署时对男女同工同酬权利作了保留，法国对雇佣外国人的条款提出保留。
四、中国与《公约》
改革开放以来，中国政府以经济建设为中心，大力发展社会生产力，人权保障逐渐深入到经济社会的各个领域。《公约》的基本主张符合中国的一贯原则立场，其主要内容与中国有关法律、政策和实践基本一致。《公约》所规定的各项权利在中国宪法及各项单行法律中已有较全面的体现。鉴此，1997年10月27日，时任中国常驻联合国代表秦华孙大使在纽约联合国总部代表中国政府正式签署《公约》。2001年2月28日，第九届全国人大常委会第二十次会议作出批准《公约》的决定。3月27日，时任中国常驻联合国代表王英凡大使向联合国秘书长安南交存了由国家主席江泽民签署的批准书。
自批准《公约》以来，中国始终根据本国国情，有计划、有步骤地实现《公约》规定的各项权利。2003年6月27日，中国如期向经社文权利委员会提交执行《公约》情况的首次报告。2005年4月27日至29日，委员会正式审议中国履约报告。委员会通过关于中国履行《公约》报告的“结论性意见”，对中国颁布实施《劳动保障监察条例》、修订《集体合同规定》和《最低工资规定》，通过《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2001～2010）》，落实《关于切实加强防治艾滋病工作的通知》和通过《2020年教育发展纲要》等方面工作予以积极评价。同时也对中国流动人口在就业、社会保障、卫生服务、住房和教育等方面的权益保护、贩卖妇女和儿童以及遗弃老年人等问题表示了关注。委员会还提出相关改进建议，希中国政府在下次定期报告中列出国内生产总值用于教育、卫生和住房计划的比例；呼吁采取有效措施，确保《公约》第三条规定的非歧视原则得到切实遵守，包括消除男女工资差别、保证男女机会均等；希制定具体的环境政策，特别是减少大气污染，以及评估大型基础设施建设项目对环境的影响等。
中国重视委员会提出的建议和意见，正在努力将其转化为符合中国国情的政策措施，并就此开展国际合作。2006年10月，中国与澳大利亚在新疆乌鲁木齐举行关于落实经社文权利委员会"结论性意见"的研讨会，就如何落实委员会的建议和意见交流看法。委员会主席旦丹女士出席会议并高度评价中国履行《公约》义务的认真负责态度。
中国在恢复对香港、澳门行使主权前，英国和葡萄牙作为缔约国将《公约》延伸适用于香港、澳门。中国在加入《公约》时向联合国秘书长交存的批准书中，表示《公约》适用于香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区。依照《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》和《中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区基本法》的规定，通过特别行政区的法律予以实施。根据“一国两制”原则，中国履约报告包括内地、香港和澳门三部分，其中港澳部分由两特区政府自行撰写。在首次履约报告审议中，港澳特区分别派出代表参加中国代表团，解答各自执行《公约》的问题。
中国拥有13亿人口，8亿在农村，受发展水平制约，要逐步实现《公约》所规定的各项权利，还有很长的路要走。根据委员会的要求，中国应于2010年提交第二期履约报告。目前，中国政府正积极落实科学发展观，努力构建社会主义和谐社会，这必将促进中国更加全面、充分地实现《公约》规定的各项经济、社会和文化权利。
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly
resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966
ENTRY INTO FORCE: 3 JANUARY 1976, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 27
PREAMBLE
The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that, in accordance
with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition
of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members
of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,
Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be
achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his eco-nomic, social
and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights, Considering the
obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal
respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms, Realizing that the
individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he
belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance
of the rights recognized in the present Covenant, Agree upon the following articles:
PART I
Article 1
1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they
freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social
and cultural development.
2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth
and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international
eco-nomic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international
law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having respon-sibility
for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote
the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right,
in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.
PART II
Article 2
1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, indi-vidually
and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and
technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving
progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant
by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the
rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination
of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,national
or social origin, property, birth or other status.
3. Developing countries, with due regard to human rights and their national economy,
may determine to what extent they would guarantee the economic rights recognized
in the present Covenant to non-nationals.
Article 3
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right
of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights
set forth in the present Covenant.
Article 4
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, in the enjoyment of
those rights provided by the State in conformity with the present Covenant, the
State may subject such rights only to such limitations as are determined by law
only in so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these rights and solely
for the pur-pose of promoting the general welfare in a democratic society.
Article 5
1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State,
group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed
at the destruction of any of the rights or freedoms recognized herein, or at their
lim-itation to a greater extent than is provided for in the present Covenant.
2. No restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights
recognized or existing in any country in virtue of law, conventions, regula-tions
or custom shall be admitted on the pretext that the present Covenant does not
recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.
PART III
Article 6
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right to work,which
includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which
he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this
right.
2. The steps to be taken by a State Party to the present Covenant to achieve the
full realization of this right shall include technical and vocational guidance
and training programmes, policies and techniques to achieve steady economic, social
and cultural development and full and productive employment under conditions safeguarding
fundamental political and economic freedoms to the individual.
Article 7
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to
the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work which ensure, in particular:
(a) Remuneration which provides all workers, as a minimum, with:
i(i) Fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without dis-tinction
of any kind, in particular women being guaranteed conditions of work not inferior
to those enjoyed by men, with equal pay for equal work;
(ii) A decent living for themselves and their families in accordance with the
provisions of the present Covenant;
(b) Safe and healthy working conditions;
(c) Equal opportunity for everyone to be promoted in his employment to an appropriate
higher level, subject to no considerations other than those of seniority and competence;
(d ) Rest, leisure and reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic hol-idays
with pay, as well as remuneration for public holidays
Article 8
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure:
(a) The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his
choice, subject only to the rules of the organization concerned, for the promotion
and protection of his economic and social interests. No restrictions may be placed
on the exercise of this right other than those prescribed by law and which are
nec-essary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public
order or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others;
(b) The right of trade unions to establish national federations or confedera-tions
and the right of the latter to form or join international trade-union organiza-tions;
(c) The right of trade unions to function freely subject to no limitations other
than those prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in
the interests of national security or public order or for the protection of the
rights and freedoms of others;
(d) The right to strike, provided that it is exercised in conformity with the
laws of the particular country.
2. This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the
exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces or of the police or of
the administration of the State.
3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the International
Labour Organisation Convention of 1948 concerning Freedom of Association and Protection
of the Right to Organise to take legislative measures which would preju-dice,
or apply the law in such a manner as would prejudice, the guarantees provided
for in that Convention.
Article 9
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to
social security, including social insurance.
Article 10
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that:
1. The widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family,
which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society, particularly for its
establishment and while it is responsible for the care and education of dependent
children. Marriage must be entered into with the free consent of the intending
spouses.
2. Special protection should be accorded to mothers during a reasonable period
before and after childbirth. During such period working mothers should be accorded
paid leave or leave with adequate social security benefits.
3. Special measures of protection and assistance should be taken on behalf of
all children and young persons without any discrimination for reasons of parent-age
or other conditions. Children and young persons should be protected from eco-nomic
and social exploitation. Their employment in work harmful to their morals or health
or dangerous to life or likely to hamper their normal development should be punishable
by law. States should also set age limits below which the paid employ-ment of
child labour should be prohibited and punishable by law.
Article 11
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone
to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate
food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions.The
States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right,recognizing
to this effect the essential importance of international co-operation based on
free consent.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right
of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through inter-national
co-operation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed:
(a) To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by
making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating know-ledge
of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems
in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of
natural resources;
(b) Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting
countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation
to need.
Article 12
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone
to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve
the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for:
(a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality
and for the healthy development of the child;
(b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;
(c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and
other diseases;
(d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical
attention in the event of sickness.
Article 13
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone
to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development
of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the
respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education
shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote
understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic
or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the
maintenance of peace.
2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to achieving
the full realization of this right:
(a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all;
(b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and voca-tional
secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by
every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of
free education;
(c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of
capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduc-tion
of free education;
(d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified as far as possi-ble
for those persons who have not received or completed the whole period of their
primary education; (e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall
be actively pur-sued, an adequate fellowship system shall be established, and
the material condi-tions of teaching staff shall be continuously improved.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the
liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their chil-dren
schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform
to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by the State
and to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity
with their own convictions.
4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty
of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject
always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph 1 of this article
and to the requirement that the education given in such institutions shall conform
to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State.
Article 14
Each State Party to the present Covenant which, at the time of becoming a Party,
has not been able to secure in its metropolitan territory or other territories
under its jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge, undertakes,
within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive
implementation, within a reasonable number of years, to be fixed in the plan,
of the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all.
Article 15
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of every-one:
(a) To take part in cultural life;
(b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications;
(c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting
from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve
the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conser-vation,
the development and the diffusion of science and culture.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the free-dom
indispensable for scientific research and creative activity.
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived
from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation
in the scientific and cultural fields.
PART IV
Article 16
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to submit in confor-mity
with this part of the Covenant reports on the measures which they have adopted
and the progress made in achieving the observance of the rights recognized herein.
2. (a) All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
who shall transmit copies to the Economic and Social Council for consid-eration
in accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant;
(b) The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall also transmit to the specialized
agencies copies of the reports, or any relevant parts therefrom, from States Parties
to the present Covenant which are also members of these specialized agencies in
so far as these reports, or parts therefrom, relate to any matters which fall
within the responsibilities of the said agencies in accordance with their consti-tutional
instruments.
Article 17
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant shall furnish their reports in stages,
in accordance with a programme to be established by the Economic and Social Council
within one year of the entry into force of the present Covenant after consultation
with the States Parties and the specialized agencies concerned.
2. Reports may indicate factors and difficulties affecting the degree of ful-filment
of obligations under the present Covenant.
3. Where relevant information has previously been furnished to the United Nations
or to any specialized agency by any State Party to the present Covenant, it will
not be necessary to reproduce that information, but a precise reference to the
information so furnished will suffice.
Article 18
Pursuant to its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations in the
field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the Economic and Social Council
may make arrangements with the specialized agencies in respect of their reporting
to it on the progress made in achieving the observance of the provisions of the
present Covenant falling within the scope of their activities. These reports may
include particulars of decisions and recommendations on such implementation adopted
by their competent organs.
Article 19
The Economic and Social Council may transmit to the Commission on Human Rights
for study and general recommendation or, as appropriate, for information the 14
The International Bill of Human Rights reports concerning human rights submitted
by States in accordance with articles 16 and 17, and those concerning human rights
submitted by the specialized agencies inaccordance with article 18.
Article 20
The States Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized agencies con-cerned
may submit comments to the Economic and Social Council on any general recommendation
under article 19 or reference to such general recommendation in any report of
the Commission on Human Rights or any documentation referred to the rein.
Article 21
The Economic and Social Council may submit from time to time to the Gen-eral Assembly
reports with recommendations of a general nature and a summary of the information
received from the States Parties to the present Covenant and the spe-cialized
agencies on the measures taken and the progress made in achieving general observance
of the rights recognized in the present Covenant.
Article 22
The Economic and Social Council may bring to the attention of other organs of
the United Nations, their subsidiary organs and specialized agencies concerned
with furnishing technical assistance any matters arising out of the reports referred
to in this part of the present Covenant which may assist such bodies in deciding,
each within its field of competence, on the advisability of international measures
likely to contribute to the effective progressive implementation of the present
Covenant.
Article 23
The States Parties to the present Covenant agree that international action for
the achievement of the rights recognized in the present Covenant includes such
methods as the conclusion of conventions, the adoption of recommendations, the
furnishing of technical assistance and the holding of regional meetings and technical
meetings for the purpose of consultation and study organized in conjunction with
the Governments concerned.
Article 24
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the provi-sions
of the C harter of the United Nations and of the constitutions of the specialized
agencies which define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of
the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to the matters dealt
with in the present Covenant.
Article 25
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the inherent
right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth
and resources.
PART V
Article 26
1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State Member of the United
Nations or member of any of its specialized agencies, by any State Party to the
Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State which has
been invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to become a party to
the present Covenant.
2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments of ratification
shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State referred to in
paragraph 1 of this article.
4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with
the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States which have
signed the present Covenant or acceded to it of the deposit of each instrument
of ratification or accession.
Article 27
1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of
the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the thirty-fifth
instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.
2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to it after the deposit
of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession, the
present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit
of its own instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.
Article 28
The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all parts of federal States
without any limitations or exceptions.
Article 29
1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an amendment and file it
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General shall
thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to the States Parties to the present
Covenant with a request that they notify him whether they favour a confer-ence
of States Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the proposals.
In the event that at least one third of the States Parties favours such a conference,
the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United
Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present and
voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly of the United
Nations for approval.
2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved by the General
Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of the States
Parties to the present Covenant in accordance with their respective con-stitutional
processes.
3. When amendments come into force they shall be binding on those States Parties
which have accepted them, other States Parties still being bound by the pro-visions
of the present Covenant and any earlier amendment which they have accepted.
Article 30
Irrespective of the notifications made under article 26, paragraph 5, the Secre-tary-General
of the United Nations shall inform all States referred to in paragraph 1 of the
same article of the following particulars:
(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 26;
(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant under article 27
and the date of the entry into force of any amendments under article 29.
Article 31
1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United
Nations.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified cop-ies
of the present Covenant to all States referred to in article 26.
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