人权宣言（法国）
法国国民议会，1789年8月26日 起草：穆尼埃
组成国民议会之法国人代表认为，无视、遗忘或蔑视人权是公众不幸和政府腐败的唯一原因，所以决定把自然的、不可剥夺的和神圣的人权阐明于庄严的宣言之中，以便本宣言可以经常呈现在社会各个成员之前，使他们不断地想到他们的权利和义务；以便立法权的决议和行政权的决定能随时和整个政治机构的目标两相比较，从而能更加受到他们的尊重；以便公民们今后以简单而无可争辩的原则为根据的那些要求能确保宪法与全体幸福之维护。因此，国民议会在上帝面前并在他的庇护之下确认并宣布下述的人与公民的权利：
第一条 在权利方面，人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的。除了依据公共利益而出现的社会差别外，其他社会差别，一概不能成立。
第二条 任何政治结合的目的都在于保护人的自然的和不可动摇的权利。这些权利即自由、财产、安全及反抗压迫。
第三条 整个主权的本原，主要是寄托于国民。任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力。
第四条 自由就是指有权从事一切无害于他人的行为。因此，各人的自然权利的行使，只以保证社会上其他成员能享有同样权利为限制。此等限制仅得由法律规定之。
第五条 法律仅有权禁止有害于社会的行为。凡未经法律禁止的行为即不得受到妨碍，而且任何人都不得被迫从事法律所未规定的行为。
第六条 法律是公共意识的表现。全国公民都有权亲身或经由其代表去参与法律的制定。法律对于所有的人，无论是施行保护或处罚都是一样的。在法律面前，所有的公民都是平等的，故他们都能平等地按其能力担任一切官职、公共职位和职务，除德行和才能上的差别外不得有其他差别。
第七条 除非在法律所规定的情况下并按照法律所指示的手续，不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。凡动议、发布、执行或令人执行专断命令者应受处罚；但根据法律而被传唤或被扣押的公民应当立即服从；抗拒则构成犯罪。
第八条 法律只应规定确实需要和显然不可少的刑罚，而且除非根据在犯法前已经制定和公布的且系依法施行的法律以外，不得处罚任何人。
第九条 任何人在其未被宣告为犯罪以前应被推定为无罪，即使认为必须予以逮捕，但为扣留其人身所不需要的各种残酷行为都应受到法律的严厉制裁。
第十条 意见的发表只要不扰乱法律所规定的公共秩序，任何人都不得因其意见、甚至信教的意见而遭受干涉。
第十一条 自由传达思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一；因此，各个公民都有言论、著述和出版的自由，但在法律所规定的情况下，应对滥用此项自由负担责任。
第十二条 人权的保障需要有武装的力量；因此，这种力量是为了全体的利益而不是为了此种力量的受任人的个人利益而设立的。
第十三条 为了武装力量的维持和行政管理的支出，公共赋税就成为必不可少的；赋税应在全体公民之间按其能力作平等的分摊。
第十四条 所有公民都有权亲身或由其代表来确定赋税的必要性，自由地加以认可，注意其用途，决定税额、税率、客体、征收方式和时期。
第十五条 社会有权要求机关公务人员报告其工作。
第十六条 凡个人权利无切实保障和分权未确立的社会，就没有宪法。
第十七条 私人财产神圣不可侵犯，除非当合法认定的公共需要所显然必需时，且在公平 而预先赔偿的条件下，任何人的财产不得受到剥夺。
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
（1789）
The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly,
believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the
sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined
to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights
of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members
of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties;
in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive
power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political
institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances
of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall
tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all.
Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and
under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the
citizen:
Articles:
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be
founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural
and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security,
and resistance to oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. Nobody
nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from
the nation.
4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else;
hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those
which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights.
These limits can only be determined by law.
5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be
prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything
not provided for by law.
6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate
personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same
for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes
of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions
and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except
that of their virtues and talents.
7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and
according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing,
or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen
summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance
constitutes an offense.
8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously
necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in
virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.
9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty,
if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing
of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.
10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious
views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established
by law.
11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of
the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with
freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be
defined by law.
12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military
forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for
the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.
13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces
and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among
all the citizens in proportion to their means.
14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives,
as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know
to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and
of collection and the duration of the taxes.
15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.
16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation
of powers defined, has no constitution at all.
17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived
thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand
it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably
indemnified.
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